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The Little Russian identity was a cultural, political, and ethnic self-identification〔Котенко А. Л., Мартынюк О. В., Миллер А. И. («Малоросс»: эволюция понятия до первой мировой войны )〕 of the elite population of Ukraine who aligned themselves as one of the constituent parts of the triune Russian nationality. The identity was not supported by the majority peasant population, instead preferring the ethnonym Ruthenians (''Rusyny'', русини) or Rus' people (''Rus'kyi narod'', руський народ). The Little Russian identity combined the cultures of imperial Russian and Cossack Hetmanate.〔 The beginning of the development of the Little Russian identity in the Cossack Hetmanate dates back to the late 18th century.〔Ilya Prizel "(National identity and foreign policy: nationalism and leadership in Poland )" (1998) ISBN 0-521-57697-0 p.304〕 A significant factor that promoted this process was the idea of equal national, social and religious rights for the elite of the Tsardom of Russia that had been denied in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the second half of the 19th century, in order to counter the conception of an All-Russian unity, the Ukrainian national identity emerged. Its characteristic traits were the denial of cultural and ethnic ties with Russia as well as Western political orientation.〔 This new ethnonym was promoted instead of the widespread name Ruthenian (''Rusyny''; русини). The struggle between the two projects of national identity lasted until the dissolution of the Russian Empire. The revolutionary events of 1917 led to a rapid strengthening of the Ukrainian national idea, which was backed by many Western Ukrainians in Galicia who joined the political life in Kiev. Because of their adjacency to the Russian White Movement, political activists with Little Russian, and Pan-Russian views were among the social groups who suffered the most during the Revolution, and the troubles of the Civil War; many of whom were killed during the war or forced to emigrate.〔 After the end of the Civil War, the process of Ukrainian nation-building was resumed in the territory of Ukrainian SSR by the Bolshevik party and the Soviet authorities, who introduced the policy of korenizatsiya, the implementation of which in the Ukrainian SSR was called Ukrainization. As a result, the term "Little Russian" was marginalized and remained in usage only among White emigres. == Emergence == As of Western and Eastern Rus' show, the sense of unity of the Rus' lands remained vivid for a long period even after the political disintegration of Kievan Rus and the Mongol invasion.〔Марчуков А. В. (Малорусский проект: о решении украинско-русского национального вопроса )〕 Rus' chronicles often repeated the idea of an ecclesiastic, historical and dynastic unity of the Rus' lands as well as the necessity of their reunification. Moral and political rights of foreign states on Rus' lands were rejected.〔 The Little Russian political ideology emerged simultaneous to the revival of the Byzantine term Little Rus' at the end of the 16th century in the literary works of the Christian Orthodox clergy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Numerous prominent Orthodox authors and hierarchs, such as Ivan Vyshenskyi, Zakharia Kopystenskyi, Yelisey Pletenetskyi or Job Boretsky strongly opposed the Union of Brest and polemicized with Roman Catholics and Uniates, developing the ideas of a pan-Russian Orthodox people. The Little Russian idea steadily gained support among Cossack leadership〔 and Orthodox brotherhoods, which were subject to judicial, economic and religious discrimination; and repeatedly organized violent uprisings against Polish rule from the end of the 16th to the first half of the 17th century. Simultaneously, the image of an Orthodox Tsar who would protect the All-Russian people against the injustice of the Poles became a political tool used by Moscovite rulers.〔Дмитриев М. В. Этнонациональные отношения русских и украинцев в свете новейших исследований // Вопросы истории, № 8. 2002. — С. 154—159〕 Later, the existence of such sentiments facilitated the signing of the Treaty of Pereyaslav during the Khmelnytsky Uprising as well as the political integration of the Hetmanate into the Tsardom of Russia. After the Pereyaslav Treaty the Hetmanate faced a civil war known as The Ruin between pro-Russian and pro-Polish forces. After the pro-Polish fraction lost Left-Bank Ukraine, the Little Russian identity ultimately consolidated after already being strongly enrooted in ecclesiastic circles.〔 An important milestone was the 1674 publication of the Kievan Synopsis by the archimandrite of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and the rector of the Kievan Theological School Innocent Gizel. In his work he described the dynastic succession between Kiev and Moscow as well as the existence of a Triune Russian people which has its origins in the ancient people of the Kievan Rus. Throughout the 18th century Synopsis was the most widespread and popular historical work in Russia.〔 Under the influence of the Kiev-born archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Theophan Prokopovich the Russian Empire gradually became the object of primary identification of Little Russians while The Cossack elite under Russian rule looked for ways to legitimize its social status in the hierarchy of the Russian Empire to benefit from the perspective of attractive career possibilities.〔Кононенко, Василий. Элита Войска Запорожского — Гетманщины между проектами Малороссии и Российской империи (конец 20-х — начало 60-х гг. XVIII в.) Актуальні проблеми вітчизняної та всесвітньої історії, 2010. С. 127—134〕 Supporters of the Little Russian identity considered the Russian Empire as their own state which they built together with (Great) Russians. In the 18th century many Little Russians held important political positions of the Empire: Chancellor Alexander Bezborodko, minister of education Pyotr Zavadovsky, general prosecutor Dmitry Troshchinsky, Field Marshal and President of the Academy of Science Kyrylo Rozumovskyi, Field Marshal Alexey Razumovsky among others.〔Когут З. Українська еліта у XVIII столітті та її інтеґрація в російське дворянство // Коріння ідентичности. Студії ранньомодерної та модерної історії України. — К.: «Критика», 2004. — С.46-79〕〔Лаппо Иван Иванович Происхождение украинской идеологии Новейшего времени. — Опубликовано в журнале Вестник Юго-Западной Руси, 2007. № 5.. — Ужгород, 1926.〕 The Little Russian identity didn't aim at blurring local peculiarities as long as they didn't contradict the most important thing: the idea of a cultural and political All-Russian unity. Little Russians had not the opinion that they are "sacrificing" the interests of their local homeland to the Great Russians or that they have to abandon their identity in favour of the Great Russian.〔Миллер А. И.(Формирование наций у восточных славян в XIX в. ) — проблема альтернативности и сравнительно-исторического контекста. Рус.ист.журнал. — 1999. Т. — . 130—170〕 The Little Russian identity was not the only form of self-identification that existed in Ukraine prior to the emergence of the Ukrainian national identity.〔Serhii Plokhy. Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008〕 The supporters of hetman Ivan Mazepa who rebelled against Russian emperor Peter I favored a Khazarian origin to the Cossack people, which they considered a distinct nation,.〔Плохий С. «Национализация» украинского казачества в XVII—XVIII веках // Империя и нация в зеркале исторической памяти: сборник статей. Новое издательство, 2011〕 It told that the "Cossack people" originates from the old Khazars〔 unrelated to Russians.〔''Таирова-Яковлева Т. Г.''(«Отечество» в представлениях украинской казацкой старшины в конце XVII — начале XVIII в. ) // Украина и Россия: история и образ истории. Материалы российско-украинской конференции. Москва, 3-5 апреля 2008 года〕 This version is also described in the Orlyk Constitution. In the late 18th and the early 19th century which promoted the view of different origins of Little and Great Russians. Despite all these alternative views the majority of the spiritual, cultural and political elite of Little Russia identified themselves as Little Russians.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Little Russian identity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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